Introduction
Titanium and titanium alloys are recognized as commercially important materials with significant presence in numerous technology-driven industries such as aerospace and medical. The physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of these materials make them attractive for application in a wide range of disciplines. In addition to their unique combination of strength and lightness, their excellent corrosion resistance is also a major benefit.
Historical Background
Titanium was first discovered in 1791, by amateur mineralogist William Gregor. He named the grey-colored ore rutile, after its crystal form of mineral. In 1795, it was re-christened titanium by chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, after the Titans of Greek myths. This discovery quickly stimulated scientific research on the metal, leading to developments that allowed titanium to be used in a wide variety of industries. It was also in 1795 that its strong affinity for oxygen was established by Swedish chemist Jons Jacquez Berzelius, who observed it being extremely resistant to corrosion by seawater.
The first known usage of titanium in a practical application was in the early 20th century. It was used to manufacture watch cases and the occasional trinkets. In 1916, the German company, Krupp, began to experiment with titanium for use in aircraft engines, but its usage didn’t become widespread until the 1960s, when the aerospace industry began to expand. During this time, titanium alloys were also developed for use as durable and lightweight materials for constructing aircraft and spacecraft. Titanium can now be found in a variety of industries, from auto manufacturing to biomedical engineering.
Chemical Properties of Titanium
Titanium is a silvery-white metal with an atomic number of 22 and an atomic weight range of 47 to 79. Its different atomic weights corresponding to each of the widely recognized allotropes Delta and Alpha. Delta-titanium is a low-temperature form of the element, and is the most stable allotrope of titanium. Alpha-titanium is the high-temperature form of the element and becomes unstable at temperatures lower than 1670°C.
Titanium has metallic properties similar to iron and steel, although it is corrosion resistant and more malleable and lightweight. As a metal, it is strong and tough, as well as chemically resistant. It has good high and low temperature properties, is ductile, and is weldable.
Application of Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Titanium has a wide range of applications, from aerospace- and military-related products to jewelry and ornamental items. Its light weight and strength in combination with its high corrosion resistance make it an excellent choice for many industries.
Aerospace: Titanium is used in the aerospace industry for its light-weight properties, in addition, its good thermal and fatigue properties make it well suited for structural components. It is used in everything from large structural parts to fasteners.
Marine: Titanium is resistant to corrosion by sea water, making it ideal for a variety of marine applications. It is used in salt water valves, hose clamps, and exhaust systems in the Marine industry.
Medical: Due to its strength-to-weight ratio, titanium is used extensively in the medical and dental industries in implants, prostheses, and surgical instruments. Its biocompatibility has enabled its use in a wide range of medical products.
Jewelry: Titanium is used in the jewelry industry due to its durability and strength. Jewelry made of titanium is resistant to scratching and tarnishing and does not react with skin oils or sweat.
Other Applications: Titanium is used in the automotive and chemical industries, with its light weight and good corrosion resistance being the main factors for its choice. It is also used in desalination plants and other industrial contexts.
Conclusion
Titanium and its alloys are attractive materials for use in a wide range of applications. They display excellent physical and mechanical properties, as well as being corrosion-resistant and highly malleable. Their history of usage and versatility of application is still expanding and, as a result, there continues to be a strong demand for titanium and titanium alloys worldwide.
