Hamilton's Protectionist Trade Doctrine

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The theory of protectionism, as developed by Alexander Hamilton, is based in part on the concept of economic nationalism. As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton argued that the United States should use tariffs and other protectionist measures to foster economic self-sufficiency and promote domestic economic growth.

Hamilton first articulated his ideas about protectionism in his highly influential 1791 Report on Manufactures. In the report, Hamilton argued that protectionist measures, such as tariffs and subsidies, would help to protect and foster domestic industry. He believed that the the economy should be based on the production of domestic goods and services, rather than relying on imports. Hamilton proposed that the development of domestic manufacturing was essential to the nation’s economic and political independence.

He saw restrictions on imports as necessary to protect nascent American manufacturing from competition with British and European producers. This belief was based on the concept of “infant industry protection”, a notion developed by Adam Smith, an economist who argued that newly established businesses need time to become mature and competitive.

He also proposed that industry would be the basis for creating wealth, jobs and economic growth, asserting that the nation’s economic life should be reorganised “as to give scope for the operations of those principles of enlightened industry and self-interest, by which the industry of the nation can alone be advanced.”

In addition to protectionism, Hamilton also proposed a system of incentives for domestic industry -- subsidies, bounties, and bonuses -- that would spur productivity, create jobs, and ensure self-sufficiency. He argued that the government should use a combination of tariffs, subsidies, and bonuses to foster national economic growth.

His theories remain highly influential, particularly in American economic history. In particular, his ideas helped create a political environment in which protectionist measures could be effectively implemented. Today, many countries, including the United States, continue to use tariffs and other protectionist measures to promote economic self-sufficiency and protect domestic industry.

美国国家元首亚伯拉罕·林肯在他的《深层含义》演说中提到了关于经济贸易的发展和繁荣的观点，他提出了“汉密尔顿保护主义贸易学说”。汉密尔顿保护主义学说中首先提出该国经济贸易的发展应该受到尊重，应受到法律和政治思想的保护，其次，汉密尔顿保护主义主张：政府在推出新的经济政策时，应考虑到国家的利益，依据实际情况给予本国生产者，商人或部分有害行业政策上的扶持。 因此，汉密尔顿保护主义主张对当前经济政策持保守态度，依照实际情况调整政策，以促进国家经济发展。

另一方面，汉密尔顿贸易观的另一个原则是政府应该通过提高本国的货物出口分数来获得经济发展。他认为本国劳动力的技能可以帮助击败外国竞争者，并认为只有给予本国的劳动力足够的保护和支持，才能发展和壮大本国的工业经济和广大公众的福祉，提高农民福祉。

在20世纪，汉密尔顿保护主义学说有可能影响到美国经济及公共政策。它曾激励政府利用一系列保护措施来控制经济活动，包括关税，补贴和投资等等。这些对当时施加了许多负担，但也使得国家经济发展更快，为国家经济发展提供了帮助，使其繁荣发展。

综上所述，汉密尔顿保护主义学说的出现令人称奇。在汉密尔顿的学说中，本国的经济利益优先于外部因素，只有保护本国的经济利益，尊重本国的劳动力技能，才能获得经济的发展和繁荣。虽然该观点可能因地区而异，但大多数人会认同保护本国的经济利益，并积极参与本国经济发展计划，以维护国家发展。