Crystal size is a measure of the dimensions of a single crystal. Crystal size can range from nanometers to millimeters in length and width, and microns to several centimeters in height. The size of a crystal is determined by its unit cell and the specific lattice parameters (distance between atoms in the lattice), as well as the lattice angles. The size dependents on the crystal growth parameters, incorporating the matters composition, temperature, pressure and other factors.
Single crystal grains may take a variety of structures and shapes, from flat and angular, to spherical and needle-like. The surface of nanocrystals may have irregular or jagged surfaces of about 30nm or smaller, which may increase bearing area, thus increasing their strength, hardness, and surface tension. As a crystal increases in size, the grain boundaries become less pronounced, creating smoother curves and surfaces.
Grain size becomes important when considering the mechanical attributes of a material or device. In general, an increase in the grain size leads to a decrease in the strength, hardness, and wear resistance of the material. However, increasing grain size also tends to lower the risks of brittleness and cracking, making the material more durable.
Crystals of smaller size, such as nanocrystals, can have unique physical and chemical properties. Since nanocrystals are a fraction of the size of larger crystals, their properties are different; for example, higher surface area to volume ratios increase the reactivity of structures, and these structures can have a variety of optical, electronic, and catalytic capabilities. The increased surface area also allows for increased control of the chemistries, allowing for a high degree of versatility. Additionally, due to their small size, nanocrystals have extremely low thermal expansion rates, leading to better thermal performance.
Due to the different properties of nanocrystals and larger crystals, they can be used in a wide variety of applications. Nanocrystals are utilized in medical, optical, and electronics industries, due to their good conductivity, optical clarity and high sensitivity to light. Additionally, nanocrystals are also used in the fabrication of materials with unique magnetic, optical and chemical properties.
In conclusion, crystal size is an important factor that affects the physical and chemical properties of materials. Understanding the specifics of crystal size and grain size is essential in order to take advantage of their unique properties, allowing for a wide range of applications. While larger crystals have better mechanical properties and a lower risk of brittleness and cracking, nanocrystals have a much higher surface area and reactivity, leading to a wide range of potential uses.