Low-temperature steel pipes for use in Germany
Germany has some of the most stringent standards for steel pipes used in low-temperature applications. Steel pipes must be able to resist temperatures that are below -45°C and still maintain strength, toughness, and ductility. This makes the selection and proper specification of low-temperature steel pipes an important factor in any application requiring such a pipe.
Due to the challenging conditions to which these pipes must be exposed, it is essential to thoroughly research what steel is best for the application. While many types of steel have good properties at low temperatures, some have better properties than others. The type of steel best suited to the application depends on the mechanical properties that are desired while in operation: strength, toughness, and ductility.
Carbon Steel
Carbon steel is often a good choice for low-temperature piping and is classified as either low-carbon or high-carbon. Low-carbon steel typically exhibits increased strength at temperatures below 250°C and is also less prone to crack at very low temperatures. However, low-carbon steel may lack toughness at such temperatures and is therefore not suitable for certain applications. High-carbon steel, on the other hand, has greater toughness and is more resistant to fatigue and wear at low temperatures than low-carbon steel.
Stainless Steel
Stainless steel is an incredibly popular choice for low-temperature piping due to its excellent corrosion resistance and its ability to withstand harsh environments. Stainless steel typically has much higher strength and toughness at low temperatures than carbon steel and can therefore be suitable for many different applications. The most popular types of stainless steels used in low-temperature applications are generally the austenitic stainless steels, such as 304L, 310, 316L, and 321. These grades of stainless steel have excellent corrosion resistance and are also resistant to stress corrosion cracking at low temperatures.
Alloy Steel
Alloy steel is another popular choice for low-temperature piping due to its ability to withstand high temperatures and provide excellent strength and ductility. Alloy steel is composed of a combination of other elements such as manganese, chromium, and nickel which improve certain properties such as weldability, corrosion resistance, and strength. Popular alloy steels used for low-temperature piping include 9Cr-1Mo steel, 21Cr-1.5Mo steel, and X70 steel.
Conclusion
Choosing the right steel for low-temperature applications is important in ensuring the pipe can perform as required. Carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloy steels are all popular choices for low-temperature piping and the choice of which type of steel should be based on the desired mechanical properties, environment, and application. Care should be taken to ensure the steel selected has the right properties for the job.
