Lathe in Machinery-Making Industry
Lathes（车床）are one of the most important tools used in machinery-making and metalworking facilities. It is a machine that spins a block of material against a cutting tool to create a shape, typically a cylinder, or rod, with a perfectly smooth surface. Lathes come in all shapes and sizes, from small hand lathes to large computer controlled machines that can make complex shapes for use in the machinery-making industry.
Lathes are used to cut a variety of forms including, but not limited to, threads and shapes for shafts, screws, nuts and bolts, and other mechanical parts. During the process, a specific type of tooling called a “tool post” is used to hold the cutting tool in place as the material is spun against it. Depending on the project, the tool post might be a single part or multiple pieces that must be configured in a particular way.
In its most basic form, a lathe consists of two basic components—a bed and a spindle. The bed is the foundation of the lathe, providing a stable surface for the spindle. The spindle is the rotating part of the lathe that supports the material being worked and is driven by a motor. On top of the spindle is a “headstock,” which holds the cutting tools and which moves the workpiece around the bed.
In addition to the bed and spindle, lathes also have parts such as the tailstock, which is attached to the bed and holds the workpiece. The turret, which is the rotating tool holder attached to the headstock, is used to hold different cutting tools and often has an indexing capability so that different tools can be rotated into place. The “live tooling” is used to hold special tools in the turret, such as drills, reamers, and taps.
An integral part of the lathe is its drive system, which includes motors for rotating the spindle and for moving the tool along the bed. Lathes can be operated manually or with a computer numerical control (CNC) system. CNC allows a lathe to be programmed to carry out complex shapes and patterns and can reduce the amount of time it takes to finish a project.
Lathes are an essential tool used in the machinery-making industry, allowing metalworkers and machinists to cut, drill, bore, and shape metal parts with precision and speed. From small hand lathes to powerful CNC systems, lathes provide the accuracy and control needed for complex parts and cutting operations.
参考翻译：
在机械制造行业中，车床是最重要的工具之一。它是一种机器，将块状材料旋转向切削工具，以塑造出一个完美光滑表面形状，通常是圆柱体或杆。车床的大小形状各异，从小型手动车床，到大型可使用计算机控制的机器，可以制造出适用于机械制造行业的复杂形状。
车床用于切削各种形式，包括但不限于，轴、螺钉、螺母和螺栓等机械零件的螺纹和形状。在这一过程中，所使用的一种特定类型的工装，称为“刀架”，它可将切削工具固定住，给每一块材料进行运动旋转。根据项目的不同，刀架可能是一个固定部位，或者是多个需要特定架构成的部件。
最基本的车床组成部分有两个：床体和主轴。床体作为车床的基础，提供稳定的表面，为主轴所承担。主轴作为旋转部位，支撑着被加工的材料，并由发动机驱动。其上面还有“主座”，用于安装切削工具，以及引起工件沿着床体移动。
除了床体和主轴之外，车床还有其他零件，如尾座，它固定在床体上，用于支撑工件；炮座，悬挂在主座上的旋转刀架，用于安装不同切削工具，而且通常具有指数调整的功能，以便不同的刀具可被旋转进位；“活动工具”，则主要用于在炮座上保持特殊工具，如钻头、铰孔、攻丝等。
车床一个重要的组成部分是传动系统，它包括用来旋转主轴和沿着床体移动工具的发动机，车床可以手动操作，也可以采用电脑数控（CNC）系统进行控制。CNC系统可让车床实现复杂的形状和图案，并减少整个项目完成的用时。
车床是机械制造行业不可或缺的工具，它使金属制造和机床工程师能够以精确的速度切削、钻孔、镗、塑形金属零件。从小型手动车床到功能强大的CNC系统，车床为复杂工件和切削操作提供了必要的准确性和控制能力。
