Engineering geology is the application of the geologic sciences to the investigation, design and construction of engineered systems of engineering works and the protection of environmental resources. It is the science of how geologic materials such as soils, rocks, and groundwater interact with and influence the construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works.
Engineering geologists work with civil, geotechnical, and environmental engineers, as well as architects and planners on a variety of civil engineering projects, including residential and commercial building design, construction, and renovation; roads, bridges, dams, water systems, and stormwater management systems; waste disposal facilities; and land-use planning.
Engineering geology studies the physical properties of the Earths materials, the properties of those materials when subjected to engineering stresses, and their behavior when encountered in the field. The investigation of engineering geology begins with the study of the distribution and characteristics of the earth materials at a site. This evaluation will then be used in the interpretation of the geologic processes that have shaped and impacted the site, such as faulting, folding, hydrogeology, and mountain building. The physical properties of the earth materials present at the site are then analyzed and evaluated with respect to their engineering characteristics such as strength, grain size, and hydraulic conductivity.
The engineering geologist works to anticipate and minimize the impact of potentially adverse geologic conditions, such as soil liquefaction and landslides. He or she analyzes the geologic processes that are likely to affect the engineering works during their operation, maintenance, and reconstruction. In addition, the engineering geologist also evaluates the potential for ground water contamination and evaluates the potential for natural hazards, such as earthquakes, and flooding.
The engineering geologist may also perform laboratory testing to evaluate the physical properties of earth materials, and measure their behavior when subjected to stress and strain. In addition, engineering geologists may prepare geologic maps to illustrate the geologic conditions of a site, and may perform site surveys to collect the data necessary for evaluating the geologic conditions.
In order to succeed in this field, a professional engineering geologist must be knowledgeable about a variety of sciences and engineering practices. A comprehensive educational background in geology, mineralogy, geophysics, soils, engineering mechanics, and hydrology is essential. An understanding of environmental regulations, environmental law, and permit requirements is also important. Engineering geologists are expected to develop innovative solutions to challenging geological problems, and must maintain ethical, professional conduct at all times.
Engineering geology is an important component in the design and construction of engineered infrastructure. The ability to anticipate, evaluate and resolve geologic problems is an invaluable skill, and one which requires the integration of diverse disciplines in order to bring successful results. Professional engineering geologists are experts at identifying geologic processes, predicting their impact on the surrounding environment, and providing safe and cost-effective solutions to civil engineering problems.
