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Activation analysis is a type of nuclear analytical technique used to determine the concentrations of various elements in samples of materials. It is used in a wide range of industries, from pharmaceutical manufacturing to nuclear energy and medical science.
Activation analysis works by exposing a sample to a source of radiation, and then measuring the amount of radiation given off as the sample absorbs the radiation. This radiation is converted to particles, and these particles are then detected and counted. The number of particles counted can then be used to calculate the concentration of the element in the sample.
The most commonly used sources of radiation in activation analysis are neutrons and gamma rays. Neutrons and gamma rays interact with the atoms in a sample, knocking out particles from the sample and creating what is known as a ‘nuclear reaction’. This nuclear reaction can be used to measure the amount of elements present in the sample.
The radioactive source is usually placed close to the sample in order to maximize the amount of radiation that is absorbed by the sample. Often, the sample is placed in a special container to ensure that all of the radiation is contained.
Once the radiation has been absorbed, it is then collected and an accurate measurement can be taken. These measurements can then be used to determine the concentration of elements in the sample.
Activation analysis has many advantages over other analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. As it is non-destructive, it can be used to analyze a wide variety of samples without damaging them. This means that very small amounts of sample can be analyzed accurately. Additionally, the results obtained are typically very accurate, which makes it a useful tool for a range of different applications.
Activation analysis is used in many different industries, from medicine and biochemistry to chemical engineering, forensic science and nuclear energy. It is also used extensively in research and development, where samples are tested for concentrations of elements in order to improve products and processes.
It should be noted that although activation analysis is an effective analytical technique, it does have some limitations. It is not suitable for samples that contain only trace amounts of an element as the amount of radiation given off will not be strong enough for accurate measurements to be taken. Additionally, the technique can be expensive due to the cost of setting up and maintaining the necessary equipment.
Overall, activation analysis is an important and versatile analytical technique used in a variety of industries. By exposing a sample to radiation and then measuring its radiation profile, the concentrations of elements can be accurately determined. Although the technique does have its limitations, it remains an essential tool in the analysis of materials.
