Cloisonne kilns—also known as bell kilns—have been crucial to traditional Chinese decorative arts for centuries. Cloisonne kilns are the most important vessels for firing and creating cloisonne, a luxurious and intricate technique of decorating metal pieces with enamel. Also referred to as ‘battery’ or style kilns, these kilns produce a closed and raised cylindrical shape. When heated, the ceramic pieces inside expand at a rate different than the walls and lid, creating an iconic bell sound when fired.
The development of cloisonne kilns began in the Sung Dynasty and was perfected in the Ming Dynasty. Cloisonne kilns, once used exclusively in the porcelain kilns of the Imperial palaces, are now seen in many of the country’s prominent decorative art studios.
Cloisonne kilns are made of a particular type of clay. This clay must be fired twice—first at a low temperature and then at very high one—to make it durable and heat-resistant. The material chosen for the kiln walls is usually brick, steel, or a combination of both. During the construction of a cloisonne kiln, layers of refractory material, such as fireclay, are carefully positioned along the interior and exterior walls. This creates great insulation for the kiln and helps to keep the heat in.
Cloisonne kilns also have air pipes and vents to control temperature. The pipes allow air to enter the kiln chamber while the vents help to regulate the temperature inside. The vents, which are usually made of metal, are placed on the top and bottom of the kiln.
Once the kiln is constructed, the pieces to be fired are placed inside. Depending on the type of pieces being fired, the temperature setting will vary. For example, if the pieces are enameled copper and copper-alloy pieces, the setting should be between 860 and 970 degrees Celsius.
When it’s time to fire a cloisonne kiln, the temperature is increased slowly over a period of several hours. The cloisonne pieces will then be left in the kiln for anywhere from two to six hours, depending on how much color and detail is desired in the pieces. During the firing process, the kiln and its contents must be monitored closely to ensure that the heat is maintained at an even level.
After the firing process is complete, the pieces are removed and left to cool. Once cooled, the pieces are ready to be admired—their intricate and vibrant designs a testament to the skill of the artist and the craftsmanship of the kiln.
Cloisonne kilns have been an important part of Chinese decorative arts for centuries. They are responsible for creating some of the most beautiful art pieces in the world and have become an integral part of Chinese culture. Cloisonne kilns not only help to preserve the traditions of Chinese art, but are also critical for the advancement of modern techniques and styles.
