Pharmaceutical Raw Materials Used in Dermatologic Formulations: Chemical Properties, Structure and Function
Dermatology is a complex specialty that includes a variety of therapeutic agents and formulations used to treat skin conditions. Among them, a wide range of pharmaceutical raw materials are commonly used to formulate topical, intravaginal and intramuscular preparations to treat a range of skin ailments and other conditions. Given their central role in drug development, a thorough understanding of these raw materials is essential for the success of a dermatologic formulation. This review covers the chemical properties, structures and functions of some of the most commonly used pharmaceutical raw materials used in dermatologic formulations.
1. Benzoyl peroxide:
Benzoyl peroxide is a commonly used topical keratolytic and antiseptic agent which has antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a white reported solid that is used to treat inflammatory acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis and certain fungal infections. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated to be effective against several bacterial species, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, and Trichophytonmentagrophytes, as well as Malassezia furfur. The primary mode of action of benzoyl peroxide is the release of oxygen radicals which react with and destroy the target nuclesic acid on bacterial cell surfaces.
2. Salicylic acid:
Salicylic acid is another commonly used chemical in dermatology, found in a variety of topical formulations and products for treating a variety of skin ailments. It is a colorless and odorless crystalline substance that exists in two isomeric forms: alpha- and beta-salicylic acid. The alpha-form is known to be therapeutic, while the beta-form is biologically inactive. Salicylic acid works by acting as a keratolytic, meaning it dissolves the intercellular structures of the epidermis while also promoting the skins excretion of sweat, oil and other metabolic wastes. This action helps to reduce skin inflammation, swelling and redness associated with acne, psoriasis and eczema.
3. Resorcinol:
Resorcinol is a natural phenol derived from crude coal tar and found in many cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other formulations used to treat skin disorders. Resorcinol acts as a keratolytic and desquamation agent, as well as having anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. Its keratolytic effect is attributed to its ability to denature and dissolve the intracellular cement of the epidermis, and its antiseptic nature of is believed to be due to its ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and fungi. Resorcinol is also known to be an effective antimicrobial agent against certain species of Gram-positive bacteria, as well as being an effective fungicidal compound.
4. Coal tar:
Coal tar is commonly used as an effective medication for the treatment of a range of skin conditions, such as psoriasis, dandruff and eczema. It is the byproduct of coal combustion and contains a complex mixture of chemicals, including benzene, phenols, naphthalene and many other organic compounds. Coal tar is thought to work by reducing the severity of skin cell growth and inhibiting the bodys inflammatory response. It has been demonstrated to be both antifungal and antibacterial, and is also thought to help reduce itching and inflammation.
5. Sulfur:
Sulfur is a naturally occurring element and is increasingly being used as a topical ointment or paste for a variety of skin treatments, ranging from acne to psoriasis. It works by acting as an astringent to reduce the formation of whiteheads, blackheads and pimples, and it also has antibacterial properties. Additionally, sulfur is thought to possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity due to its ability to inhibit lipases and other enzymes required for the metabolism of bacteria, fungi and other organisms.
6. Zinc oxide:
Zinc oxide is a white, insoluble inorganic compound that is commonly used as a sunscreen ingredient and for the treatment of skin irritations. Zinc oxide contains very large particles which form a protective layer on the skin, helping to reduce irritation and protect the skin from environmental toxins. It has been shown to have effective analgaesitc qualities and is also considered an antiseptic, helping to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi and other organisms.
7. Tea tree oil:
Tea tree oil is a natural essential oil derived from a plant endemic to Australia and has long been used in traditional Aboriginal medicine. It has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial and antiseptic properties and is effective against many species of bacteria, fungi and parasites. Tea tree oil also possesses anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antifungal properties, making it a highly effective treatment for a range of skin conditions including acne, athletes foot and warts.
8. Vitamin A compounds:
Topically applied vitamin A compounds, such as retinoids and retinol, are becoming increasingly popular for the treatment of acne, wrinkles, age spots and other skin disorders. Retinol and its derivatives can help stimulate cell turnover and reduce the number of skin cells, leading to a reduction in excess sebum, clogged pores and comedones. It has also been shown to stimulate the production of collagen, providing anti-aging benefits, and to reduce excessive pigmentation.
In conclusion, dermatologists use a variety of topical and other formulations containing different raw materials to treat a range of skin ailments. The chemical properties, structures and functions of these materials are essential to the successful development and use of such formulations. Understanding and utilizing these raw materials effectively can improve the quality of dermatologic therapies available and improve the outcomes for sufferers of skin conditions.
