Surface and underground mining
Surface mining and underground mining are two forms of mining used to extract minerals and other geological materials from the Earth. Surface mining is used when minerals and rocks are located within a few metres of the surface. This method is used primarily in the mining of coal, iron ore, limestone and other materials from open-pit mines. Underground mining is used when the depth of the minerals and rocks is too great to be accessible by surface mining methods. This method is used to extract minerals and metals such as gold, copper, zinc and diamonds.
Surface mining methods
Open-pit mining is the most common type of surface mining. This involves taking large amounts of rock and soil and removing them to create a large open pit. The pit is then drilled and blasted to make way for the mining equipment, such as haul trucks and excavators. The ore or mineral is then moved to a processing facility.
Strip mining is similar to open-pit mining, but the excavation is done in a series of strips. This method is used to extract coal and other minerals from below the surface of the earth. First, strips of land are cleared and any vegetation, soil and other debris are removed. Then the pit is drilled and blasted and the soil is then moved away from the coal or mineral.
Mountaintop Removal Mining is a form of strip mining used in the Appalachian Mountains. This type of mining involves removing the top of the mountain to expose the ore or mineral. The debris is then moved away using heavy machinery. This type of mining is controversial as it destroys the natural landscape and has been responsible for numerous environmental issues in the region.
Underground mining methods
Room and Pillar Mining is an underground mining method used to extract minerals and metals. It involves drilling into the ore or mineral deposit and subsequently removing the ore in small chunks. The ore is then lowered into the mine shaft via an elevator and transported to the surface. This method is used to extract coal, copper, zinc and gold.
Sub-level caving mining is an underground mining method used to extract deep-seated minerals. This method involves drilling into the ore a series of horizontal and vertical drifts. The ore is then cut into small pieces and then broken up nearly to the surface. The ore is then hoisted to the surface. This method is used to extract copper, gold and nickel.
Longwall Mining is an underground mining method used to extract coal. It involves the use of mechanical shearers to cut a series of horizontal slices of coal. The coal is then loaded onto conveyors and transported to the surface.
Summary
Surface and underground mining are two forms of mining used to extract minerals and other geological materials from the Earth. Surface mining is used when minerals and rocks are located within a few metres of the surface and involves open-pit mining, strip mining and mountaintop removal mining. Underground mining is used when the depth of the minerals and rocks is too great to be accessible by surface mining methods and involves room and pillar mining, sub-level caving mining and longwall mining.
