Participant Observation
Participant observation is a research method in which an investigator participates in the environment she is studying. It is a type of field research in which an investigator observes and takes notes on peoples behavior while they partake in their normal activities. This method is a favorite amongst anthropologists, although other researchers may take part in this practice as well. It is a process that happens over a period of time and the results are often more meaningful and accurate than the reports from interviewing techniques.
The participant observation method has been used for years to gain a better understanding of cultures and communities that often have a different worldview than the researcher’s own. Anthropologists use this method to observe the daily activities and behavior of societies and non-Western cultures far away from their own experiences. Often times, this research requires living within the community for extended periods of time in order to truly understand its customs and culture.
Participation can either be overt or covert. An overt participant attempts to be a part of the group they are studying and may take an active role in the groups activities. The aim of overt participation is to gain an insiders perspective of the group dynamic and culture. Covert participation is a more passive observer role and the researcher may remain completely or partially hidden or disguised in order to avoid detection.
When engaging in participant observation, it is important to try and cast aside prejudices, provide accurate and unbiased observations and be patient throughout the process. It is also essential that researchers remain sensitive and aware of potential ethical dilemmas that may arise. During the observation period, researchers usually take notes and record field notes, with more detailed descriptions and interpretations reserved for later.
A positive aspect of the participant observation method is that it allows the researcher to gain an understanding of the social dynamics at play between different members of the group and the culture as a whole. It is often the most efficient and reliable way of learning about a social setting because it allows for natural conversations and interactions to occur without the influence of an interviewer. Participant observations also provide the researcher an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the participants’ daily activities, events, and changes in behavior.
However, the process is not without its drawbacks. Because the researcher is embedded within the group they are studying, it can be difficult to remain objective and accurately record impartial observations. There is also the potential for the participants to become aware of the presence of the observer, which can lead to self-conscious behavior or bias in responses.
Despite its drawbacks, participation observation remains an important research methodology in anthropology and other fields that require a thorough and in-depth understanding of a group’s culture, lifestyle and behavior. In the right circumstances and with the right attitude, it can be beneficial to understanding and improving intercultural understanding.
