Introduction
Antimony have been known since antiquity, a heavy, brittle and lustrous metalloid with an atomic number of 51 and symbol of Sb. Antimony is sometimes considered to be a transition element, however, it is more often classified in the Metalloid group following German chemist Carl Hugo Dammers distinct definition of the Metalloid group in 1868. Antimony and its compounds were used in a variety of applications in ancient times, including manufacture of cosmetics, enamels, glasses, and medicines. This element has also been used in various industrial processes throughout history. Today, although most antimony compounds are no longer used because of their toxicity, antimony and its compounds still have major technological applications.
History
The use of antimony and its compounds date back thousands of years. The natural form of antimony, antimony trisulfide, Sb₂S₃ is known to have been used as early as 4000 BC. Ancient Egyptians used antimony for a variety of uses including makeup, glass, and enamels. In fact, antimony sulfide was an important component of the ancient Egyptians’ kohl eyeliner and mascara. In ancient Rome, Pliny the Elder wrote extensively about antimonys use in cosmetics and medicines, and by the Middle Ages, the metal was being used to make alloyed coins. It has been used in various alloys throughout its history, though it was not until the 19th century that antimonys metallurgical properties were studied in depth.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Antimony is a metalloid, meaning it has both metal and non-metal characteristics. It is a yellow-white metal that is brittle and easily breaks down. Antimony has an atomic number of 51 and an atomic mass of 122.9. The atomic symbol for antimony is Sb and its natural form is trimorphous, meaning that there are three different forms of antimony at different temperatures. The most stable form of antimony is tribromide, while its more common form is antimony trisulfide.
Antimony has several unique properties. It has a high melting point of 903°F and a low boiling point of 5606°F. It is also chemically inert, which makes it resistant to corrosion. Antimony is highly soluble in sulfuric and nitric acid, but not in water. It is also poorly conductive; it has a resistivity nearly 40 times higher than copper.
Uses
Antimony has a variety of technological applications. The most common use of antimony is in the production of antimony alloys, which are used in a variety of industries such as casting and manufacturing. Antimony alloys are also used in batteries, ammunition, and metal products. Other uses for Antimony include fireproofing, flame-retardant coatings, optic and electronic materials, explosives, and ceramics.
Antimony compounds are also used to make some medications, including antimalarial drugs, antiviral agents, antioxidants, and antifungal medications. Additionally, antimony is used in the production of pigments, paints, and dyes.
Conclusion
Antimony is a unique metalloid with a variety of technological applications. Its natural form is trimorphous, and it is highly resistant to corrosion. Antimony and its compounds are used in the production of antimony alloys, batteries, explosives, and medications, as well as paints, dyes, and pigments. Although most of its compounds are toxic, antimony and its compounds continue to have an important role in modern technology.
