Geology and Mineralogy
Geology and mineralogy are interrelated scientific disciplines which study the earth materials, processes and patterns that shape our planet. Geology studies the physical evolution of the earth—its structure and composition, as well as how it may have changed over time. It is the fundamental basis for understanding all Earth processes. Mineralogy, on the other hand, is the branch of geology that studies the physical and chemical properties of minerals and their relationships to each other and to the environment. Together, geology and mineralogy are essential for understanding the forces which have shaped the Earth and continue to do so.
A significant part of geology is the identification and analysis of mineral deposits. Mineral deposits are veins or layers of minerals concentrated in localized areas of the Earth’s crust. Geologic mapping, sampling and drilling are used to determine the nature, size, and extent of these deposits. Mineral deposits can be valuable resources, such as metals and energy sources, or they can be hazardous and potentially damaging to the environment. Having a thorough understanding of their makeup and behavior is essential in making decisions about how best to extract and utilize them. Much of the work of mining engineers and mineralogists involves studying the properties of the target material and evaluating how it might react to a specific extraction or processing technique.
Mineralogy is also an important part of the energy industry. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the transformation of organic material such as decayed plant or animal remains. It is through mineralogy that the composition and behavior of these remains are understood, and their potential uses as sources of energy determined. Mineralogy is also a key factor in the extraction and production of geothermal and nuclear energy, as it helps identify which rocks and minerals contain the ideal compounds for these processes.
The study of rocks and minerals also has significance for the environmental and health sciences. Rocks provide both a physical and chemical foundation for most terrestrial environments, and the composition and stability of rocks are essential for the proper functioning of many ecosystems. The mineral content of soils and sediments also has a direct impact on agricultural productivity and water resources. Finally, many industrial processes require minerals, and the analysis of minerals is an important factor in the safe and efficient use of resources.
The interdisciplinary field of geological engineering combines the principles of geology, mineralogy, and engineering to explore, evaluate, and develop materials and energy sources. Geological engineers must be able to identify and interpret geological information such as rock and sediment types, mineral composition, and soil mechanics. Armed with this knowledge, they are able to design processes and equipment best suited to efficiently extract, process, and transport natural resources, while also considering the economic, environmental, and safety implications of their work.
Like many disciplines, the innovative process of geology and mineralogy continues to both reveal more about our planet and help us make better use of its resources. Together, these two fields are essential components of the natural sciences, and their continued advancement will help us better understand and protect our environment.
