Numerical Control Machine Tools And Programming Terminology
Numerical control (NC) machine tools are computer-operated tools used for machining various parts in varying shapes and sizes. NC machine tools are highly precise and allow for a high degree of control over the surface finish and accuracy of the machined parts.
NC machine tools are used in many manufacturing processes, including turning, boring, drilling, grinding and milling. They are controlled by computer numerical control (CNC) systems that provide instructions to the tool to create precise parts or patterns. This is done by entering a set of commands into the machines software program that directs it to move a certain amount in the desired direction. The CNC system can then control the speed, feed-rate and direction of the tool, as well as the cutting pressure and temperature for optimal results.
NC machine tools are used in a wide variety of applications, from automotive and aerospace to medical and general engineering. They offer advantages over manual machining, including improved accuracy and repeatability, higher-precision cuts and faster cycle times.
NC machine tools are programmed using G-code, which is an international language of letters and numbers used to describe part geometry and the movements of machine tools. G-code commands consist of codes (letters) and numbers that tell the machine what to do, such as move in a given direction or at a specific speed. Common G-code commands include G01 (linear move), G02 (circular move) and G03 (counter-clockwise movement).
Tool path programming is used to specify the path the tool should take to create the desired part or pattern. The tool path program is created by a programmer who, using a drawing or solid model of the part, writes a series of G-code commands to direct the tool along the desired shape. Tool path programs are often written using CAD/CAM software or using a basic text editor.
Cutter compensation is a feature used to adjust for variations in cutter size or length. It is used to minimize or eliminate errors that might be caused by an imperfect cutting tool. It is usually done by the programmer inputting a compensation value into the tool path program. This value causes the machine to adjust the cutter’s position to accommodate for the variation.
Stepover and tolerance are two other important terms associated with programming. Stepover is the distance between successive passes of the tool while tolerance is the acceptable deviation from the programmed tool path. A tighter tolerance results in a more precise finished product but may require multiple passes of the tool.
CNC machines require regular maintenance, such as regular replacement of tools, lubricants and coolant, as well as periodic calibration. Regular calibration helps to ensure that the CNC machine is cutting accurately and producing parts of the highest quality.
In conclusion, numerical control machine tools are an essential part of any machining operation. They offer a high degree of precision and can be programmed with the correct G-code and tool path for any part or pattern. Additionally, regular maintenance and calibration ensure that the CNC machine is cutting to the highest quality and accuracy.
