tool steels
Tool steels refer to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that are well-suited to be made into tools. Their distinctive hardness, resistance to abrasion and deformation, and their ability to hold a cutting edge at elevated temperatures make them irreplaceable in many industrial sectors, from metal fabrication and machine shop tools to mining and medical tools.
Tool steels are classified into six groups of varying characteristics: high-speed, hot work, cold work, shock-resisting, special purpose and water hardening. Each type of tool steel is designed to hold a sharp cutting edge when and where it is needed most and to resist wear, deformation and breakup.
High-speed steel (HSS) is the most commonly used and versatile of all tool steels. HSS is composed of tungsten, molybdenum, chromium and vanadium in varying proportions. It is well-suited for use in cutting tools, such as drills and lathe tools, and is harder, tougher and more heat-resistant than regular carbon steel.
Hot work steel is designed to be used in tools that require high levels of heat, such as forges, hot rolling and extrusion tools. It is made of chromium and tungsten, with molybdenum and vanadium added for improved strength and heat resistance.
Cold work tool steel is designed for use in cutting tools, such as dies and punches, that are used in cold temperatures. It is composed of chromium, vanadium and molybdenum, which increases its resistance to wear and abrasion.
Shock-resisting tool steel is designed to be used in tools that subject the steel to impacts and shocks. It is composed of chromium, tungsten and molybdenum, and sometimes includes nickel, which helps increase its toughness.
Special-purpose tool steel is designed for use in tools that are exposed to extreme temperatures or require extra wear resistance. It is composed of two or more elements that are mixed in varying proportions to enhance its ability to resist wear and deformation.
Water-hardening tool steel is designed to be used in tools that don’t require the highest levels of heat resistance. It is composed of chromium and molybdenum, with added tungsten for increased strength.
Tool steels are essential to industrial production, from metal fabrication to mining and medical tools. Their distinctive hardness, heat resistance and ability to hold a cutting edge make them invaluable for a variety of applications. By understanding the characteristics and composition of each type of tool steel, it’s easy to choose the right one for any given task.
