The History of Ancient Chinese Machinery (Middle Ages)
The Middle Ages in Chinese history (589–960 AD) are known as the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. During this era, the Chinese began to develop techniques for machine building and mechanical engineering that would later contribute to the Industrial Revolution. Chinese ingenuity and innovation in this field have been credited with allowing them to survive in a harsh and difficult climate.
The introduction of the spring driven wheel clock in 725 AD was one of the earliest achievements in ancient Chinese engineering. Known as an “outer ring wheel” clock, this device consisted of an outer wheel that was fixed to a turning inner wheel as a means of storytelling. The two wheels ran in opposite directions and were powered by coiled springs; the inner wheel was inscribed with the hours, minutes and other elements of the clock. This clock was used to measure the passage of time, from sunrise to sunset, and it is considered by many to be the most advanced clock device in the world until the 14th century.
The Chinese also invented the world’s first rope-pumping device during this period. This invention was created for two main reasons: to lift water from a lower level to a higher level, and to power astronomical observatories. The main component of this device consisted of a water wheel with a dipper wheel attached to its axis. A rope was wound around the circumference of the wheel and served as a drive mechanism. This ingenious invention enabled the Chinese to create reliable means of drawing water into various areas, including fields, hills or mountains. It was also used in astronomical observatories to power large telescopes.
The Chinese also developed world-renowned bronze bells during this period, which were installed in temples to call the faithful to prayer. These bells were made from a special bronze alloy which produced a warmer and more vibrant sound than other metals. They were also expertly crafted, featuring delicate designs and fine engravings of animals, deities and other Chinese characters.
Finally, the Chinese invented the world’s first seismograph in 132 AD. This device was made up of an inverted vessel that was filled with liquid, and featured a movable pendulum that reacted to the force of tremors. This invention proved to be incredibly accurate in predicting and detecting seismic events, much more so than any other device had before.
The innovative achievements of the Chinese during the Middle Ages laid the groundwork for the inventive technologies used by many countries today. Chinese engineering and invention during this time period has long been recognized as one of the most impressive in history. The development of clocks, machines and other mechanical devices during this period of history ultimately contributed to the industrial revolution which began in Europe centuries later.
