Introduction
Underground mining is a process in which minerals are extracted from beneath the earth by tunneling and cutting away from above. It requires expertise, planning and safety considerations in order to ensure that the excavation is carried out properly and efficiently. This paper will discuss the design of the underground mining operation movement range by defining the different types of underground mining, classes of equipment used, characteristics of the underground environment, and safety considerations.
Types of Underground Mining
Room and Pillar
Room and pillar is a type of underground mining in which a series of rooms are excavated and connected by pillars. The pillars serve as a means of support for the roof and also provide support for additional rooms and shafts. It is most often used in soft or weak rock formations.
Longwall Mining
Longwall mining is a type of underground mining in which a long series of tunnels are excavated parallel to one another and then connected by a series of crosscuts. In this type of mining, coal is extracted from both sides of the coal seam. This allows for greater efficiency and produces faster results.
Sub-level Caving
Sub-level caving is a type of underground mining in which an ore body is excavated from above. This type of mining starts at the top of the ore body and progresses downward, gradually cutting away the ore as it goes. This type of mining is suitable for some of the most difficult and irregular ore bodies, due to the method used to access the ore deposit.
Classes of Equipment Used
Surface Mining Equipment
Surface mining equipment is used to move large quantities of earth, rock, and other materials during the excavation of an underground mine. This type of equipment includes bulldozers, scrapers, motor graders, and wheel loaders.
Underground Mining Equipment
Underground mining equipment is used to excavate the ore body from below the surface of the earth. This equipment includes drill rigs, mining trucks, mining locomotives, and mining platforms.
Characteristics of the Underground Environment
Temperature and Humidity
The temperature and humidity within the underground environment will vary greatly depending on the location and depth of the mine. In general, the temperature within the mine will be cooler than the surrounding environment, as the natural insulation from the earth helps to keep the interior of the mine stable. The humidity levels within the mine will also be lower than the surrounding environment, as air can become trapped and concentrated in underground voids.
Dust and Air Quality
The dust and air quality within an underground mine is largely dictated by the mining method being used, as well as the ventilation systems and their effectiveness. In some mines, dust build-up may be an issue, as material can become airborne during the mining process and can be difficult to clear.
Safety Considerations
It is important to consider the safety of personnel working in underground mines. Improper operation of equipment or unsafe working conditions can lead to a variety of issues, including fires, explosions, and accidents. In order to avoid these issues, it is important to implement safety measures such as ventilation systems, safety protocols, and protective equipment. Additionally, personnel should be properly trained and aware of potential hazards.
Conclusion
The design of the underground mining operation movement range requires careful consideration, as it involves a variety of factors, including the type of underground mining being conducted, the classes of equipment used, and the characteristics of the underground environment. Additionally, safety must be taken into account, as improper operation of equipment or unsafe working conditions can lead to a variety of serious issues. By following these considerations, the underground mining operation movement range can be designed more safely and efficiently.
