Chromium Compounds
Chromium compounds are compounds derived from the element chromium, a transition metal belonging to group 6 of the periodic table. Chromium is a hard and brittle metal, which is found in nature in chromite ores as a constituent of stainless steel and other alloys. Chromium compounds are used extensively in industry; they are used to make pigments, catalysts, and corrosion-resistant coatings.
Chromium is used in many forms and in a variety of ways. Chromium oxide (CrO) is a popular pigment used in paints, plastics, and inks, while chromium chloride (CrCl3) is used as a pigment in plastics and printing inks. Chromium sulfate (Cr2(SO4)3) is used as a mordant, a substance that helps fix a dye on fabric. Chromium carbonate (Cr2(CO3)3) is used as a catalyst in the production of synthetic rubber.
Chromium compounds also find application in the production of chromate-based corrosion-resistant coatings. Chromium is highly reactive with oxygen and is easily oxidized, forming a thin protective layer on metallic surfaces. Chromium oxides and salts form a protective layer known as a chromate conversion coating that protects the surface from corrosion by forming a barrier against electrolytic contamination. The chromate conversion coating also provides a base for further coating material, such as paint or primers.
In addition to industrial and construction applications, chromium compounds have some medical uses. Chromium picolinate (CrPic) is used to increase insulin sensitivity and to treat diabetes, while chromium(III) chloride (CrCl3) is used in intravenous infusions to treat malnutrition. Chromium citrate (CrCit) is used to treat systemic inflammation and allergies, while chromium(III) acetate (CrAc) is used in certain types of chemotherapy.
Chromium compounds are poisonous, and caution should be taken when handling them. Chromates are particularly dangerous, as they can irritate the skin and eyes and can be absorbed through the skin. In the United States, chromates are classified as responsible for cancer. Long-term exposure to chromates can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and respiratory system.
Chromium compounds play an important role in many aspects of everyday life, from providing corrosion-resistant coatings on metal components to being used in medicines. While chromium compounds can be dangerous if mishandled, their proper application and control can provide a safe and beneficial way to improve manufacturing, medicine, and construction processes.
