Introduction
The Soft System Methodology (SSM) is a problem solving framework devised by Peter Checkland and Brian Wilson for identifying, understanding and dealing with “messy” problems. According to Checkland and Wilson (1985), Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) is a “way of thinking” which enables people to explore and come to terms with uncodifiable and unmanageable ‘messy’ situations. The term “soft systems” was first used by Checkland in a paper he wrote in 1968. Since then, the concept has developed to be viewed as an effective general framework for dealing with complex, “messy” or “ill-structured” problems wherein the causes and solutions are not clearly defined.
Background
In the 1960s and 1970s, an increasing number of management problems emerged that entailed dealing with social, political, and environmental issues. The proliferation of such “messy” problems required a more flexible approach than was possible with traditional systems analysis and design. Checkland sought to develop a methodology that would enable individuals to explore messy problems and help come to terms with them. He and Wilson developed the SSM collaborative tool in 1974. The SSM is an inquiry-based and holistic approach that considers multiple perspectives, provides structure, and uses learning and wisdom as part of the problem-solving process.
Objectives of Soft System Methodology
Soft systems methodology is based on the premise that problem-solving is a social and learning process not a technical process. The overall objective of the SSM is to enable individuals to explore the underlying dynamics of a “messy” situation and develop solutions through a constructive interaction between those involved in the problem and the environment. Further, SSM seeks to provide an explicit problem-solving framework for identifying and exploring “messy” problems and coming to terms with them. The objectives of SSM are:
• To identify and develop a shared understanding of the “messy” subjective realities underlying problems.
• To encourage group learning in order to arrive at a shared commitment to solutions.
• To provide a structured way of understanding and exploring the underlying dynamics of “messy” situations.
• To help individuals develop skills, such as system thinking and modeling, that can be used in problem solving.
Process of Soft System Methodology
The SSM consists of a seven-step process through which individuals can structure and approach ill-structured and complex problems in everyday life. The seven steps are:
1. Problem definition: This step entails defining the problem, identifying the stakeholders involved and allowing them to express their views and concerns.
2. Systematic analysis of the situation: This step involves the gathering of facts and data and considering the various perspectives of the stakeholders involved.
3. Diagnosis: This step entails a detailed analysis of the problem and the environment in which it is situated.
4. Model building: This step involves the development of models to represent the problem and the potential solutions.
5. Preferred solution: This step entails the identification of preferred solutions based on the models and the stakeholders’ perspectives.
6. Action planning: This step entails the identification of the necessary action that needs to be taken in order to implement the preferred solutions.
7. Following up: This step involves a review of the problem-solving process and a reconfirmation of the preferred solutions.
Conclusion
Soft system methodology (SSM) is a problem-solving framework devised by Peter Checkland and Brian Wilson for “messy” problem situations which are not codifiable or manageable. It provides individuals with a structured way of exploring and understanding the underlying dynamics of “messy” problems and coming to terms with them. It is an inquiry-based and holistic approach that considers multiple perspectives, provides structures, and uses learning and wisdom as part of the problem solving process. The SSM consists of seven steps that can be used to structure and approach ill-structured and complex problems in everyday life.
