The history of metallurgy in China can be traced back to 4,000 BC and the Shang Dynasty when humans first discovered that metal could be smelted from ore. It wasn’t until the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) that the nation was unified and advances in smelting and metalworking allowed the foundation of a strong and powerful central government. From this point onwards, metal was used to develop weaponry and tools to assist in warfare, agriculture, hunting and mining.
The Chinese made great advances in metallurgical technique during the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) and especially during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD). Iron smelting techniques were perfected and the use of charcoal and coal revolutionized the manufacturing process. Development of techniques such as casting and forging were used to create intricate and detailed decorative items such as swords, jewelry and furniture.
By the Song Dynasty (960–1279AD), metallurgical advances in China had outpaced those in Europe, leading to the famous traveler, Marco Polo, investigating and later describing the intricate process of iron smelting in China. He noted the use of several high temperature furnaces and complex air pumps which enabled the natural draught that was needed to fuel the furnaces.
The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) saw the invention of the cataphract and the development of firearms and cannons which used cast bronze and iron. This allowed the Chinese to create a stronger, more effective army and helped in the warding off of invasions from the Mongols and Manchurians.
The production of decorative items and metals was increased during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 AD) with intricate and well detailed items being used in households throughout the country. Techniques such as casting, forging and stamping were perfected and used to make items such as jewelry, coins and artwork.
Metallurgy in China has played an important role in the nation’s history, not only providing materials and tools for more effective warfare, but also playing a role in the creation of beautiful works of art. China has continued to produce fine quality metals and has created innovative new ways to use them, such as using stainless steel to create items of cutlery and dinnerware. The nation continues to be at the forefront of technological advancements in the industry and remains an important player in the field of metallurgy.
