Introduction
The correct selection of cutting tools and programming of a numerical control machine tool plays a significant role in the overall efficiency and productivity of a manufacturing process.
Incorrectly selecting and programming the cutting tools and machine controls can lead to unexpected problems, and often results in costly delays and production problems. Therefore, it is important for anyone involved in machining operations to understand the basic principles of selecting cutting tools and programming the machine to avoid these problems.
Cutting Tool Selection
The selection of cutting tools for use in an NC machining operation should ideally be based on a number of factors, including the material of the part being machined, the cutting speed and the application of the cutting tool.
A number of different tool types can be used in an NC machining operation, including single-point cutting tools, multi-point cutting tools, rotary cutters and indexable cutters. The right selection will depend on the intended purpose of the machining operation.
Single-point cutting tools, also known as lathe tools, are the most commonly used cutting tools in NC machining. They are suitable for use on both soft and hard materials and offer excellent surface finish. They can also be used in a variety of situations, such as threading, facing, drilling, and more.
Multi-point cutting tools, such as those commonly used in lathes, can also be used in an NC machine. These cutters are capable of producing a wide range of shapes and sizes and offer excellent surface finish. They are typically used for operations such as turning, facing and threading.
Rotary cutters can also be used in an NC machining operation. These types of cutters are often used for operations such as reaming and boring, as well as for drilling.
Indexable cutters have become increasingly popular in recent years. These cutters are capable of producing complex shapes and sizes and offer excellent surface finish.
Once the type of cutting tool has been selected, the appropriate cutting parameters need to be chosen. These typically include the cutting edge, the working speed and feeds, and the cutting depth. It is important to ensure that the tool is used at the correct speed, feeds, and depth in order to avoid any unnecessary damage to the workpiece.
Programming
CNC machines are programmed in order to ensure accurate and efficient operation. Programming a CNC machine involves a number of steps, including inputting the necessary dimensions, entering the appropriate codes, setting the work offsets and referencing the data.
The first step in programming a CNC machine is to input the necessary dimensions. This includes entering the dimensions of the workpiece, the required cutting speeds and feeds, and the cutting depth. This step is necessary in order to ensure that the machine will produce the correct sizedof the part.
The second step is to enter the appropriate codes. Programming the CNC machine involves entering codes in order to control the path and motion of the cutting tool. This step is important in order to ensure that the cutting tool is moving in the correct directions and at the correct speeds.
The third step is to set the work offsets. Offsets ensure that the cutting tool is positioned correctly in relation to the part being machined. Offsets are typically set in advance, but can be adjusted as needed during the machining operation.
The fourth and final step is to reference the data. Data referencing is important in order to ensure that the cutting tool is following the intended course. It is typically done by calculating the coordinates of the cutting tool relative to the workpiece.
Conclusion
Selecting the correct cutting tool and entering the appropriate programming codes are integral steps in any numerical control machining operation. Achieving success with a NC machining operation requires a thorough understanding of the available cutting tools, the different programming codes, and the importance of setting the appropriate work offsets. Following these guidelines will ensure that the machining operation is performed efficiently and to the desired quality.
