dow theory

Introduction

Edward de Bono is a Maltese physician, psychologist, philosopher and author in the field of creativity and lateral thinking. One of the most famous concepts Edward de Bono brought to the world is his Six Thinking Hats. The Six Thinking Hats method (6TH) focuses on ideas and decisions, giving the users the ability to look at their thoughts and decisions in different ways. The hats can be used individually or as part of a group decision-making activity.

Six Thinking Hats

The concept of the 6TH is based on the idea of a metaphor in which the hats represent different points of view a person can take towards a given situation. De Bono suggests that the thinker can take on a different ‘hat’ in order to think differently and gain more insight from the process.

The six hats are:

White Hat

The white hat is known as the information hat. This hat is used for examining the data and facts related to a given decision or problem. It focuses on things like facts, information and analysis.

Red Hat

The red hat represents emotions. It focuses on feelings, hunches and intuition. The red hat allows us to explore our emotional reactions and feelings about a given problem.

Black Hat

The black hat is the devil’s advocate. It helps us to look at negative aspects of the problem. It is used to assess the risk, downfalls, and drawbacks of given solutions.

Yellow Hat

The yellow hat is the positive hat. Here we evaluate the benefits and positives of different solutions. We look at the positive outcomes and long term effects of particular solutions.

Green Hat

The green hat focuses on creativity. With the green hat, we can explore new ideas and develop creative solutions. Here we look at out-of-the-box solutions to the problem or decision.

Blue Hat

The blue hat is used to evaluate the entire process. It is used to ask questions about the different hats, reflect on the thinking process and keep track of the progress.

Conclusion

The Six Thinking Hats method created by Edward de Bono provides an excellent way to explore decision making and problem solving from multiple perspectives. It allows us to evaluate our decisions from different points of view and discover insights we may not have focused on otherwise. It encourages us to look at the positive and negative aspects of different solutions and to think in innovative ways. This method has been applied to many fields of business, including planning, management, problem-solving, decision-making and creativity. The 6TH is a powerful tool for approaching difficult situations.

Davson-Danielli theory, also called Davson-Danielli model, was put forward by Davson and Danielli in 1936. It is a model of the cell membrane structure. The cell membrane is formed by two layers of phospholipids bilayer closely packed, and surrounded by a large number of protein molecules between the two layers.

According to the Davson-Danielli model, phospholipids form a hydrophobic core in the middle of the cell membrane, consisting of two layers of lipids facing each other. Lipids are amphiphilic molecules with hydrophobic (non-polar) and hydrophilic (polar) areas. The hydrophobic chain of the lipid molecule is embedded in the interior of the cell membrane. Because water molecules cannot interact with lipid molecules and other hydrophobic materials, it forms a barrier against the surrounding aqueous solution. Therefore, it is the core structure of the cell membrane and forms the basic function of the cell membrane--selective permeability.

In addition, the Davson-Danielli model assumed that the cell membrane also contained proteins, which are more hydrophilic compounds than lipids. These proteins are divided into integral membrane proteins and peripheral membrane proteins. The former are embedded in the lipid bilayer and play a role in signal transduction and transport across the membrane. The latter is located between the two layers of phospholipids, with polar side or charged side facing the aqueous solution, and nonpolar side faces the hydrophobic part of the phospholipid.

In conclusion, the Davson-Danielli model describes the structure of the cell membrane as a two-layered phospholipid with embedded proteins. The lipid bilayer creates an obstruction to the hydrophilic substances, while the proteins are closely related to the transport of substances across the membrane and the implementation of biological activities. This model provides important references for understanding the structure of the cell membrane and regulating the functions of the cell membrane.