orange peel effect

The Hawthorne Effect

The Hawthorne effect is a phenomenon observed in experiments where subjects change their behavior simply because they know they are being observed. The term was coined in the 1950s by Henry A. Landsberger when analyzing experiments from 1924–33 at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, when it was observed that merely the fact of being observed had an effect on productivity.

The Hawthorne Works, an assembly plant for Western Electric, was the focus of a series of experiments that allowed researchers to investigate the effect of changes in light, work hours, rest periods, and other variables had on the job performance of female telephone operators. In the first experiment, researchers increased the illumination level in the work area and observed an increase in speed and quality of output. However, after the researchers reverted back to the original light levels they noticed a further increase in productivity.

These unexpected results led researchers to conclude that something other than the physical changes, such as the heightened awareness of being an integral part of an experiment, was causing the workers to produce more. The Hawthorne Effect refers to this phenomenon, where changes are made due to the focus and attention of the persons being studied rather than the actual effect of the change itself.

It is easy to think that the Hawthorne effect is limited to the factory setting, but the same effect has been observed outside the traditional workplace. For example, many medical studies have experienced the Hawthorne effect when observing the impact of certain treatments or medications on patients. If the patient is aware that they are part of a study, they may behave differently than normal because they expect that the treatment will have a positive effect. As a result, researchers may observe artificially high levels of success for a certain treatment or medication.

The Hawthorne effect cannot be entirely eliminated, as it is an unavoidable consequence of conducting experiments. However, researchers can take steps to minimize the effects of the Hawthorne effect on their data. For example, researchers can use a control group that is not aware of the study to compare any results between the group that is aware of the study and the group that is not.

The Hawthorne effect can also be minimized by providing clear instructions to the subjects of the study. Subjects should be made aware of the purpose of the study and how it is to be conducted. This can help to ensure that subjects do not deviate from the established rules of the experiment.

The impact of the Hawthorne effect cannot be denied, and it remains one of the most important phenomena to consider when designing experiments. The Hawthorne effect can undermine the validity of experiment results, leading to misunderstandings and misattributions of cause and effect. By being aware of the effects of the Hawthorne effect, researchers can be better prepared to account for its impact and minimize the chances of its effects skewing experiment results.

Headlamp effect, also known as orange peel effect, refers to the situation that the surface of the painted car wheel is uneven, and the difference between the biggest and the smallest is within 0.2mm.

Headlamp effect is caused by a number of factors, including poor surface preparation, improper spraying technique and improper environmental conditions that affect the adhesion and curing of the coating. In addition, the mismatch between the surrounding environment and the parameters of the spray booth, the use of improper paint systems or the hardness of the primer and paint can also lead to an Orange Peel Effect.

To prevent the headlamp phenomenon from occurring, the following steps should be taken:

1. Properly prepare the surface of the wheel, shampoo and degrease the surface to remove oil and dust.

2. Paint process, the choice of paint system according to user requirements, and pay attention to the matching of process parameters.

3. Attention should be paid to environmental issues, and good air circulation, moderate temperature and humidity, and sufficient drying time should be ensured.

4. Pay attention to spraying techniques, try to reduce the thickness of each spraying, and select the greatest possible atomization to ensure that the coating is even.

5. Finally, the paint film should be polished to ensure smoothness.

In short, it is important to pay attention to the various factors that can cause the headlamp effect on car wheels, and take the necessary measures to prevent it.