，针对不锈钢及耐热钢锻造温度和加热规范的文章内容。
Forging of Stainless Steels and Heat Resistant Alloys – Temperature and Heating Guidelines
These forging guidelines focus on continuing the long tradition of successfully raising, press and upsetting forgings quality to the current capacity of sophisticated, higher-speed forging operations. Creating a piece to meet the requirements of unique an, often difficult configuration demands an operation that can respond to a problem quickly and economically.
The following general guidelines cover the base techniques for forgings of stainless steels and heat-resistant alloys. They provide a starting point for defining a successful forging operation and quality for any given product. The document is not a formula for a successful part, but is designed to provide guidance as to how forging temperature, flow dynamics, and heat treating interact to produce the best quality parts.
Prior to the commencement of forging operations, it is essential to thoroughly review the requirements of the operations and then determine the best approach for creating quality finished parts. The first and most important step is defining the process with thorough pre-forging processes.
Pre-forging Process
Prior to the forging process, it is essential to determine the best approach in order to achieve quality parts with minimal wasted resources. Used as a foundation to a successful forging procedure, pre-forging processes include areas of material selection, surface preparation and heat treatment, forming preparation and die design, part loading and moisture control and bar/billet preparation.
Material Selection
Prior to the commencement of forging operations, it is essential to review the requirements of the operations and determine the best approach for creating for quality finished parts. This step is primarily concerned with selecting the right material for the application.
Heat Treatment
To achieve the optimal performance of a stainless steel and heat-resistant alloy forging, it is essential to properly heat treat the part prior to and during the forging process. Heat treating affects the grain structure and properties of the steel, and must be carefully done to ensure that all forging operations are performed properly and meet industry standards.
Forming preparation and die design
When preparing the part for forging operation, it is essential to determine the right forming processes and die design approach. This step is essential in order to properly achieve the desired shape, size and performance of the part, and minimize the cost and complexity of the forging operation.
Part loading and moisture control
When loading parts into the forging press, it is essential to ensure the proper control of moisture levels. Moisture control influences the formability and performance of the part, and must be carefully monitored to ensure the successful and cost-efficient forging operation.
Bar/Billet preparation
Depending on whether the part is to be forged from a billet or bar, it is essential to properly prepare the material. For example, if bar is being used, it is wise to pre condition the part by subjecting it to compressive stresses so that during the forging operation the part will meet its desired specifications.
Forging Temperature Guidelines
It is essential to maintain the proper forging temperature when forming stainless steels and heat-resistant alloys. The following guidelines provide a good starting point for defining the proper temperature range that should be used to achieve consistent quality forgings:
• Ferritic Steel – Forging Temperature Range: 2000-2300F
• Martensitic Steel – Forging Temperature Range: 2050-2150F
• Austenitic Steel – Forging Temperature Range: 1950-2150F
• Heat Resistant Alloy – Forging Temperature Range: 1700-2300F
Heating Guidelines
In order to ensure the proper temperature of the metal component parts, it is essential to use correct heating methods. The following are appropriate heating methods for heats up stainless steels and heat-resistant alloys:
• Oxyacetylene heating – This is a versatile and popular method used to heat stainless steels and heat-resistant alloys. This method is often employed in the forge shop and provides adequate heat treatment and high temperature ranges.
• Induction heating – Induction heating is a useful method used to heat parts quickly, with precise control over temperature range and time of heating. It is often used in production programs to heat single or multiple components.
• Resistance heating – Resistance heating is used to heat heavy components, by passing an electrical current through the component itself. It is often used for large parts than can’t be reached by energy from an external heat source.
Conclusion
By properly adhering to the above forging temperature and heating guidelines for stainless steels and heat-resistant alloys, foundries can successfully create forgings that meet the required specifications and quality of the finished product. While these techniques provide a good starting point for forging operations, it is important to keep in mind that each forging application should be reviewed on an individual basis in order to maximize yield and avoid wasting resources.
