Purchasing Power Parity
Purchasing Power Parity, also known as PPP, is a financial theory that states that currency exchange rates should equalise the purchasing power of different countries’ money. It can be used to measure price change, compare the cost of living in different countries, and to compare GDP in different countries. In theory, the purchasing power of different countries’ money should be equal so that the same good or service has the same value across countries.
Purchasing Power Parity, is based on the concept of relative price levels of two countries, which is the ratio of the price levels of two countries. Determining the PPP between two countries makes it possible to make international comparisons, such as comparing GDP per capita, and making conversion of the two currencies at their exchange rate.
PPP can be measured in two ways: nominal and real. The nominal measure uses the market exchange rate converted to a common currency. The real measure takes into account the local prices of a basket of goods in each country, usually referred to as the “bundle of goods”. This “bundle” may include food, clothing, housing, transportation and other items. Using the price of the bundle of goods in each country, it is possible to calculate the real-world Purchasing Power Parity.
For example, if a basket of goods costs $100 in the United States, but only $50 in Mexico, the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) between the currencies of the US and Mexico is 2. This means that one US dollar is equivalent to two Mexican pesos in terms of purchasing power. This would indicate that it is cheaper to purchase goods in Mexico with pesos than in the United States with dollars. Similarly, if the value of the PPP was 0.5, then it would be more expensive to purchase goods in Mexico with pesos than in the United States with dollars.
While PPP is a useful tool for making international comparisons, it is only an estimate and does not take into account all the factors involved in comparing countries. PPP does not factor in differences in inflation, the cost of living, or other macroeconomic factors that could affect the relative prices of goods and services between countries.
In addition, PPP does not include the cost of transporting goods, and therefore is not an accurate measure of the real cost of goods and services when making international comparisons. Furthermore, PPP does not take into account different regulations, taxation policies, and varying population sizes.
In conclusion, Purchasing Power Parity is a useful tool for making international comparisons of prices, but should not be taken as an exact measure of the relative costs of goods and services between countries. There are various factors that need to be taken into account when making international price comparisons and PPP is an imperfect tool at best.
