Introduction
Graphite is an allotrope of carbon that consists of latticed sheets of hexagonally linked carbon atoms. It is the most stable form of carbon and can exist naturally in a variety of shapes and sizes. Graphite has a wide range of uses, from pencil lead to space related industries. It is also an essential ingredient in producing graphene and other carbon-based materials.
History
Graphite has been known and used since ancient times. It was first mentioned in the writings of Pliny the Elder from the first century AD, who noted that its uses included slingshot projectiles and writing material. Ancient Egyptians were likely the first to use graphite to create tattoos on their skin, as shown by the discovery of black mummies in the 19th century.
Graphite’s use in pencils began in 1662 when English scientist Nicholas Caternack invented what he called “lead pencils”. This lead was in fact graphite, from a deposit in Borrowdale, England. Commercially mined graphite began in the 1600s, and it was commonly used for pencils and other industrial applications through the 1800s.
Properties
Graphite is a soft mineral with excellent lubricity, electrical and thermal properties. It is one of the softest minerals on earth, with a Mohs rating of 1-2 (compared to diamonds with a rating of 10). It is also very diesel, corrosion resistant and durable.
The unique structure of graphite makes it an ideal material for a variety of uses. It has a layered structure, with individual carbon atoms bonded to three other neighbors in a honeycomb pattern. The arrangement of the weak bonds between the layers make it flexible and allow for exfoliation — the ability to separate individual layers from the bulk structure.
Uses
Graphite’s properties make it an ideal material for a variety of industries. Its lubricity makes it a great choice for a variety of mechanical applications, from bearing lubrication to jet engines and turbines. It can also be used for heat transfer and electrical conductivity.
Graphite is also a key ingredient in the production of graphene and other carbon-based materials. Graphene is often touted as the “wonder material” of the 21st century due to its incredible strength and conductivity. Graphite is also useful in many other industries, including paint, adhesives, and batteries.
Conclusion
Graphite is a versatile material with a range of uses that span centuries. Its unique structure allows it to be used for lubrication, heat transfer and electrical conductivity, as well as providing the key ingredient for producing graphene and other emerging materials. As an abundant mineral, graphite is an essential material with a variety of industrial and commercial applications.
