Numerical Control Technology Terminology
Numerical control technology is the use of computer systems to monitor and control machines. It is one of the most important technologies used in the manufacturing industry today and is used to control a variety of machine tools, ranging from milling machines and lathes to robots. It is used to reduce costs by automating processes, increasing accuracy and improving quality.
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is the most common form of numerical control. CNC controls the motion of machines and tools according to instructions stored in the computer’s memory. The instructions are stored in a program, typically known as G-code, and are created using CAD/CAM software. G-Code contains specific commands that tell the machine which axis to move, how fast it should move, and what path it should follow.
Punches and Dies are tools used to cut and shape metal and plastic parts. In CNC systems, punches and dies are typically used for sheet metal work, such as cutting or forming sheet metal or when making components with tight tolerances.
Cutting Tools are used to remove material from the work piece. The type of cutting tool used depends on the material being cut. CN machines typically use end mills, drills, and turning tools.
Feed Rate involves the speed at which a tool is moved across the work piece. The feed rate is measured in inches per minute (IPM). A higher IPM will result in a faster cutting speed.
Cutting Speed is the rotational speed of the cutting tool in revolutions per minute (RPM). It is important to adjust the cutting speed appropriately for each material to avoid excessive wear on the cutting tool.
Axis is a designation of planes in a coordinate system. On a three-axis machine, the axis designated X moves the tool across the X-axis, the axis designated Y moves the tool across the Y-axis, and the axis designated Z moves the tool across the Z-axis.
Spindle Speed is the speed of the machine’s spindle, which holds and rotates the cutting tool. The spindle speed should be adjusted to match the cutting speed of the material. Spindle speeds are typically measured in RPM.
Tool Offsets is the distance of the tool from the machine’s origin. This distance is measured in inches or millimeters. The tool offsets should be set correctly to ensure that the tool is cutting accurately.
Tools Pot is a container that holds the cutting tools used on the machine. This can be a tray, a cabinet, or a drawers, depending on the type of machine.
Programming is the process of creating a program for the CNC machine. This program tells the machine which axes to move and when, as well as how fast to move and which cutting tool to use.
Machine Shop is an area that contains the machines, tools, and personnel required for manufacturing. It is typically organized into different areas that are dedicated to different processes, such as milling, turning, and grinding.
Surface Finish is a measure of the quality of the surface of the work piece. It is typically measured in Ra (roughness average) or micro-inches. A good surface finish is essential for ensuring good quality parts, as some surfaces require additional finishing operations.
Tolerance is the amount of variation allowed in the dimensions of the part. In CNC machining, tolerances are typically measured in thousandths of an inch or millimeters. High precision parts must have tight dimensions, requiring precise control of the cutting process.
These are just some of the terms used in numerical control technology. As the industry continues to evolve and new technologies are developed, new terms will be introduced and old ones will be replaced. This is why it is important for CNC operators to keep up to date with the terminology used within the industry.
