Shape Memory Alloy
Shape memory alloy (SMA) is a type of material that has the ability to return to its originally configured shape after it has been deformed. It has a memory that remembers the shape it is supposed to be in and then it can go back to that shape again. An alloy is a combination of two or more metals that are joined together to form a new material. These alloys are categorized as either shape memory or superelastic, which undergoes reversible transformations.
Shape memory alloys consist of two main parts, the alloy and the actuating stimulus. The alloy is composed of two or more metals, such as copper, steel, or titanium, that are combined together and heat-treated to create the shape memory effect. Actuators are the stimuli used to cause the transformation, such as electricity, light, heat, or magnetism. These actuating stimuli act as both the trigger and the catalyst for the SMA to change shape.
There are several advantages that the shape memory alloys possess. They have the ability to return to their pre-stress shape when the stress has been removed, and they have the capability of being stretched beyond their elastic limit and still returning to their original shape. Shape memory alloys are also relatively lightweight and yet durable and do not corrode. They require only a low energy input for activation, enabling quick response times and energy efficient operation.
Shape memory alloys are used in a wide variety of applications. They can be designed to withstand high temperature environments, have a low density and be fatigue-resistant, making them ideal for aerospace applications and the automotive industry. Their ability to quickly respond to changes in their environment makes them ideal for situations where speed and accuracy are necessary, such as in electronic sensors and actuators. They are also used in biomedical applications, where they can be used to shape custom implants or assistive devices as well as in robotics, where they can be used to create flexible robots and robotic joints.
Shape memory alloys are an incredibly versatile and useful material and are able to respond quickly and efficiently to minimal inputs of external energy. Their ability to repeatedly reform to their original shape makes them a great choice for industries that require reliability and accuracy.