Kondo effect

Near Field Communication Effect

Near Field Communication (or NFC) is a form of wireless technology that allows mobile phones and other electronic devices to communicate with each other over short distances (typically up to 10 cm). It was first developed in 2002 by Sony and Philips, with the goal of replacing traditional contactless smart cards, such as those used for building access and credit cards. In this article, we will look at how NFC works, its applications and its potential for wider use.

First, let us look at how NFC works. The most basic form of NFC device is a transmitter and receiver. The transmitter sends out a signal which is picked up by the receiver. This signal can contain information, such as commands, which can be picked up and interpreted by the receiver. Any device that has an NFC chip installed can serve as either a transmitter or a receiver, meaning it can send and receive data.

Now that we have a better understanding of how NFC operates, lets look at some of its applications. Perhaps the most common use of NFC is for the payment of goods and services. NFC is already being used by many major credit card companies, including Visa, Mastercard and American Express. Customers simply need to tap their NFC enabled smartphones against a wireless terminal to make a purchase.

Another application for NFC is for accessing information. By tapping an NFC tag, users can access information such as maps, websites or promotional codes. NFC tags can also be used to open doors, as well as to start vehicles. Finally, NFC can be used to securely store and share information between two users.

Looking to the future, NFC technology has massive potential for wider use. The possibilities are almost endless, including the potential to completely replace many forms of traditional identification, such as security keycards and drivers licenses. Additionally, NFC could be used to facilitate new types of services and even whole new business models. For example, NFC could enable users to have instant access to products and services, such as music, books, and even travel tickets.

In conclusion, Near Field Communication (NFC) is an incredibly versatile and powerful technology, with applications far beyond traditional payment and information access. NFC could revolutionize how we interact with our devices, the way we shop and even the way we access services and information. The potential of this technology is exciting, and the future looks bright.

Joule–Thompson effect is a thermodynamic effect that states that when a gas is permitted to expand freely through an orifice or nozzle, its temperature will drop by heating or cooling the surrounding as a result of adiabatic cooling or adiabatic expansion. This is an example of an enthalpy exchange, rather than a pure energy exchange. The effect is named after the British physicist James Prescott Joule and the Scottish physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin).

The basic principle behind this phenomenon is the Joule–Thomson coefficient, which is a measure of the fraction of energy that is lost or gained by the gas upon expansion. The coefficient is determined by considering the difference between the temperature of the gas before and after expansion, and the magnitude of the pressure differential.

When gas is cooled and allowed to expand freely, the process is called an isenthalpic process, and the Joule–Thomson effect is then referred to as the Joule–Thomson cooling effect. In this process, if the pressure drops more than the temperature, the gas is said to undergo Joule–Thomson inversion and the temperature rises instead of falling. This can sometimes occur in cases of highly compressible gases due to the large pressure difference that can be created.

When heating a gas and allowing it to expand, the process is referred to as an isentropic process, and the Joule–Thomson effect is then referred to as the Joule–Thomson heating effect. In this process, if the pressure drops more than the temperature, the gas is said to undergo Joule–Thomson cooling and the temperature will then drop.

The Joule–Thomson effect can also be seen in the motion of an object through a fluid. In this case, the object experiences a decrease in temperature due to the adiabatic expansion of the fluid. This effect is commonly observed in supersonic flight, where the instantaneous decrease in the temperature of the air around the aircraft is quite pronounced due to the rapid expansion of the air mass around the aircraft.

Finally, the Joule–Thomson effect has important implications in cryogenics and medical applications. The latter can be seen in the use of cryogenic treatments, where a rapid decrease in temperature is desired in order to destroy certain types of cells. This effect has also been used to create and maintain extremely low temperatures, such as those achieved in cryogenic laboratories.