Tunnel Boring
Tunnel boring is the construction of tunnels under the surface of the earth by digging or drilling. It is a process that has been used for centuries, and has been refined to become one of the most important techniques for constructing underground infrastructure, such as sewer systems, water networks, and railway lines.
Tunnel boring has become increasingly important as urban populations expand and additional underground infrastructure is needed to cope with increased demand. Tunnel boring can also provide access to archaeological sites, as it is an effective way of excavating deep layers of soil or rock. It is also used in the energy industry to create underground storage areas and access wells.
Tunnel boring machines, or TBMs, are used to dig tunnels. TBMs are giant machines that are designed to cut through the toughest of rocks or soil. TBMs have been in operation since the 1880s and have been refined to increase their speed and efficiency. They consist of a rotating cutter head and several conveyor belts, which help remove the earth from the tunnel.
Before a tunnel boring machine can be used to start construction, the route for the tunnel must be planned. Generally, tunnels are located under rivers or roads, as these locations cause minimal disruption to the community. The route must also be carefully planned to ensure that the tunnels are located at the correct depth and are the correct size and shape.
When the tunnel is ready to begin construction, the TBM is lowered into an access shaft and then manoeuvred into position. The TBM then begins to rotate its cutter head and drill into the earth. As the TBM moves forward, conveyor belts carry away the loosened earth, which is then transported away from the construction site.
As the tunnel boring machine continues to move, it may need to be stopped and have its cutting head replaced. This is because different types of soil and rock may require different types of cutters. For example, the cutter head may need to be replaced if it encounters softer soil or tougher rocks, or if it needs to dig a tunnel through underwater sections.
After the tunnel has been bored and all the required cutters have been changed, the tunnel boring machine must be removed from the area. This is done via an access ramp, which is used to slowly reverse the TBM out of the tunnel. After that, any remaining construction works must be completed, such as installing ventilation systems, drainage systems, and other necessary infrastructure.
Tunnel boring is a complex process, and it requires a lot of time, money, and expertise. However, it is a necessary part of modern construction and has helped build some of the world’s most impressive underground structures, such as the Channel Tunnel and the Holland Tunnel.
