Landfills have been a common form of waste disposal since the 1940s. They are an important part of our waste management infrastructure, particularly in areas without access to modern waste treatment technologies. While landfills are generally cost-effective and relatively safe for disposal of non-hazardous materials, there are a few significant environmental issues associated with them.
The first environmental problem is air quality. While landfills are designed to contain their contents and limit the release of gases and other pollutants, some of the material may decay and release methane and other chemical gases. This can present a health hazard if the concentrations of these gases reach raised levels. The second problem with landfills is leachate. Leachate is a liquid that forms as water percolates through a landfill, dissolving and/or carrying away pollutants. Leachate can contaminate groundwater and surface water used for drinking and other purposes if not properly managed or treated.
Thirdly, landfills create habitat problems. As landfills are gradually filled up they become attractive environment to wildlife, especially birds, and can become overrun with birds. This can present a danger to aircraft and a nuisance to local humans, as well as a risk of contamination from bird droppings. Finally, landfills can produce offensive odors, which may impact on local communities.
Despite these issues, the use of landfills is still a viable solution for disposal of certain types of waste, provided the filling and operation of a landfill is closely monitored and regulated. Modern landfills are designed to minimize the emissions of air pollutants, and leachate is usually collected and treated to reduce the risk of groundwater contamination. If landfills are managed and maintained in a responsible manner, they can serve an important role in waste disposal.
